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liberum veto
The ''liberum veto'' (Latin for "the free veto") was a parliamentary device in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was a form of unanimity voting rule that allowed any member of the Sejm (legislature) to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting ''Sisto activitatem!'' (Latin: "I stop the activity!") or ''Nie pozwalam!'' (Polish: "I do not allow!"). The rule was in place from the mid-17th to the late 18th century in the Sejm's parliamentary deliberations. It was based on the premise that since all Polish noblemen were equal, every measure that came before the Sejm had to be passed unanimously. The principle of ''liberum veto'' was a key part of the political system of the Commonwealth, strengthening democratic elements and checking royal power, going against the European-wide trend of having a strong executive (absolute monarchy).
Many historians hold that the principle of ''liberum veto'' was a major cause of the deterioration of the Commonwealth political system—particularly in the 18th century, when foreign powers bribed Sejm members to paralyze its proceedings—and the Commonwealth's eventual destruction in the partitions of Poland and foreign occupation, dominance and manipulation of Poland for the next 200 years or so. Piotr Stefan Wandycz wrote that the "''liberum veto'' had become the sinister symbol of old Polish anarchy." In the period of 1573–1763, about 150 sejms were held, out of which about a third failed to pass any legislation, mostly due to ''liberum veto''. The expression ''Polish parliament'' in many European languages originated from this apparent paralysis.
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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